Latent models referred in this chapter

BYM = Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) model = the sum of:

• spatial random effect $u_i$ modelled with CAR (conditional autoregressive model; Besag model)

$$u_i|u_{-i} \sim \mathcal{N}(\overline{u_{\delta_i}}, \frac{\sigma^2_u}{n_{\delta_i}})$$

• iid (unstructured) random effects $v_i \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^2_v)$