'[' - Extract or Replace

• Note: which() by default removes NA values, while '[' does not. ## '[' - Extract or Replace {-}
• To exclude elements, we can pass negative integers to '['

x[-1]

## [1] 3.737192 9.464889 6.473393 6.566372 9.684264 7.263177 3.193445 6.535731
## [9] 8.564624

• E.g.

all.equal(x[-1], x[2:10])

## [1] TRUE